What describes an attempt to gain unauthorized access to protected data?

The best choice that describes an attempt to gain unauthorized access to protected data is a data breach. A data breach refers specifically to the unauthorized access or retrieval of sensitive or protected information, often with malicious intent. This could involve hacking into a system, exploiting vulnerabilities, or employing social engineering tactics to gain access to systems that hold confidential data.

While "information penetration" could imply gaining access to information, it is not commonly used terminology within the context of cybersecurity and counterintelligence. On the other hand, "security violation" is a broader term that encompasses any breach of security policies, not necessarily limited to the unauthorized access of protected data. "Data theft" specifically refers to the act of stealing data once access has been gained, rather than the attempt to access it. Thus, a data breach accurately captures the specific act of unauthorized access.