What does 'traditional espionage' involve?

Traditional espionage encompasses classic discreet intelligence operations that have been practiced for centuries. This form of espionage often involves the gathering of information through covert means, including the use of spies or informants. The focus is on human intelligence (HUMINT), where operatives may engage in careful and subtle methods to gather valuable insights from adversaries or competitors.

In this context, traditional espionage relies on interpersonal relationships, disguise, and stealth, rather than technological advancements or overtly aggressive tactics. It is rooted in the idea of discreetly observing or interacting with individuals in order to uncover secrets, strategic plans, or sensitive data.

In contrast, the other options highlight methods such as high-tech information theft, insider recruitment, and cyber attacks, which are more aligned with modern or specialized types of espionage rather than the classic approaches that define traditional espionage. These approaches may involve sophisticated technology or tactics that have evolved with geopolitical changes, but they do not embody the essence of traditional espionage's discreet and subtle methodologies.