What type of entities may conduct intelligence operations against the U.S.?

Intelligence operations against the U.S. are primarily conducted by foreign powers, which include nation-states and their affiliated entities. These foreign powers may engage in espionage, cyber operations, and other forms of intelligence gathering to achieve their objectives, which often involve national security interests or economic advantages. They have the resources, capabilities, and motivations to target U.S. information, technology, and decision-making processes.

In contrast, while domestic corporations and local governments may have interests that overlap with intelligence matters, they typically do not conduct formal intelligence operations aimed at the U.S. government. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) can engage in various activities, but their focus is generally on humanitarian or advocacy efforts rather than intelligence gathering against a nation. Hence, the nature, scope, and intent of the foreign powers distinctly align with the activities typical of intelligence operations targeted at the United States.