What type of entities may conduct intelligence operations against the U.S.?

Foreign powers are considered the primary entities that may conduct intelligence operations against the U.S. These operations can include espionage, cyber attacks, and other forms of covert activity aimed at gaining access to sensitive information or disrupting U.S. operations. Foreign powers, which can include state actors as well as state-sponsored groups, often have the resources, motivation, and capabilities to target U.S. interests, both domestically and abroad.

While domestic corporations, non-governmental organizations, and local governments may engage in activities that could pose a risk to national security, they typically do not conduct intelligence operations in the same manner as foreign powers. Their operations are usually governed by domestic laws and are subject to oversight. In contrast, foreign powers operate with different objectives and outside U.S. legal frameworks, often pursuing national or strategic interests of their own countries. This distinguishes them as significant threats in the realm of counterintelligence awareness and reporting.